Discuss the impact of volcano-induced climate change in Earth's Term Paper

Discuss the impact of volcano-induced climate change in Earth's history - Term Paper Example This paper discusses how volcanic activities have caused climate change, and the resulting impact on earth’s history. How Volcanoes induce climate change Although large scale volcanic eruptions last only a few days, the effect of these eruptions on climate on the Earth can last for several years. At first, scientists believed that the dust emitted from volcanic eruptions blocked the solar radiation from reaching earth thereby leading to cooling of the earth. However, measurements later indicated that most of this ejected dust returns back to earth within six months of the volcanic eruption. The stratospheric data suggests that during large explosive volcanic eruptions, large quantities of greenhouse gases (CO2) and sulfur dioxide (SO2) gas are also expunged into the atmosphere. SO2 reacts with the water vapor in the stratosphere and converts to sulfate aerosols, which are sub-micron droplets containing 75% sulfuric acid. These aerosols form a dense optically bright haze layer. Typically, they stay in the stratosphere for 2-4 years. Now, the large quantities of greenhouse gases released by volcanoes trap the heat radiated off the surface of the earth and form a sort of insulation around the planet. Further, the volcanic aerosol clouds scatter a significant amount of incoming Sun’s radiation back to space. This effect is known as â€Å"radiative forcing† that can last for up to 2-3 years following a volcanic eruption. Due to these two combined effects, the Earth experiences a change in climate pattern (NASA, 2011). Evidence of climate change due to volcanic eruptions Observational evidence has also shown that volcanic eruptions and lowering of global temperatures are correlated. Four of the largest eruptions in the recent past have been associated with significant lowering of average global/regional temperatures (DGSDU, 2011) - the eruptions of Laki, Iceland in 1783, Mt Tambora, Indonesia in 1815, Krakatu, Indonesia in 1883, and two large vol canic eruptions occurred within a gap of one month in 1991 – one in Philippines (Pinatubo) and Chile (Mt Hudson) in 1991. Over the next two years, the mean world temperature was observed to have dropped by about 1 °C. Research on the recent eruption of Eyjafjallajokull, Iceland in 2010 showed that the effect of volcanoes on climate change could have been previously underestimated by 7 to 8 orders of magnitude (Boulon, Sellegri, Hervo, & Laj, 2011). This leads us to believe that there could have been a significant effect of volcano-induced climate change that significantly impacted the earth history. Impact on earth history The volcanic activity as we see today is only a small proportion of the level of volcanic activity of the historical past when large scale volcanic eruptions were much more common, long lasting, and frequent. Thus, the volcano induced climate change could possibly even have led to major changes in earth’s history. For example, approximately 70,000 years ago, a large scale volcanic eruption of Mt Toba, Sumatra may have caused a terribly cold winter leading to the coldest 1000 years of the Last Ice Age (Michigan Tech, 2011). Sev Kender conducted research on the middle Miocene period (16 to 11.5 million years ago) and found that super-volcanic eruptions may have caused terribly cold win

To the Lighthouse Essay Example for Free

To the Lighthouse Essay Style for the writer as well as for the painter is a question not of technique, but of vision, says French writer Marcel Proust in his book Le Temps Retrouve. Proust belongs to the league of early 20th century writers who rebelled against the structures of Classicism on prose by employing revolutionary styles in the narrative. Critics of Virginia Woolf trace her influence to Proust, among other figures who share her distinct conception of reality and experience albeit the fact that there was no direct correspondence between the two writers. Virginia Woolf is a very individualistic and visionary writer (Friedman, 1955). The apparent similarity between her theory of reality and experience and that of the popular claims of some of her contemporaries can only be accounted for by the fact that Woolf draws much from the zeitgeist. The idea of stream of consciousness, for instance, is not unique to her as Bergson, who authored ‘durational flux’, proposes the same idea that time is a continuous flux which is the theoretical basis for stream of consciousness (Friedman, 1955). Nonetheless, her work remained distinctly hers specifically in terms of her style. It is because for Woolf the creation and fulfillment of a vision rather than a practice of technique matters most. Her bearing as a writer naturally followed her vision, her philosophy on life, reality and truth. In her body of work, she demonstrated what Proust claims to be the fountainhead of style. A very critical essayist, Woolf was very vocal about her vision. In her essay, Modern Fiction, published in 1925, she voices out her opinion on the issue of spiritualism versus materialism by critiquing her contemporary English authors H. G. Wells, Arnold Bennett and John Galsworthy. She coined the label ‘Materialists’ from their apparent lack of vision, their concern for trivial, temporal things, which to her escapes Life. She regarded their craft with respect but it was the objective to which their efforts were directed that she strongly opposed. She emphasizes the capturing of the spirit (or, as she put it, â€Å"life or truth or reality, whatever we call it†) to be the essence of art. The absence thereof incites the question whether that piece of literature is worthwhile and enduring. Woolf believes the preoccupation with trivialities is a manifest submission to the tyranny of the classics, the tradition and the canon. This would mean stagnation and death. Woolf puts it better when she writes: â€Å"Movement and change are the essence of our being. Rigidity is death, conformity is death† (Woolf, â€Å"The Common Reader†). Described as essentially a â€Å"lyrical novel†, To the Lighthouse reflects the totality of Woolf’s vision of capturing the evanescence of life into prose (Mayoux 214). Critics of the novel refer to its non-prose qualities, i. e. its deviation from the conventions of unity of time, characterization and linear plot development, to describe novel which has a very thin plot. Williams (204) writes that the novel is more akin to poetry than prose because it attempts to ‘[make] the moment something permanent. † According to him, this is a province of poets, musicians and painters and not of novelists (Williams 204). Interestingly, one of the characters in the novel, Lily Briscoe, is an actual painter and her character gives insight into the workings of the novel. The external plot of the novel is unusually thin for its length. Bennett aptly constructs the summary: â€Å"a group of people plan to sail in a small boat to a lighthouse. At the end some of them reach the lighthouse in a small boat†(200). The novel is divided in three chapters. The first chapter, The Window, begins in summer at a vacation house by the sea, owned by Mr. and Mrs.Ramsay. On that occasion, their family along with a few friends gathered in the house for a party prepared by Mrs. Ramsay. Mrs. Ramsay’s son insists on going to the lighthouse, but Mr. Ramsay disappoints him by announcing that the weather would not permit them. The rest of chapter describes the dinner interspersed with the thoughts of each character. The second chapter, Time Passes, is a description of the house and the memory imprinted in it after the characters introduced in the first chapter went their separate ways. The chapter is devoid of character action except for the incidental visitation of the house cleaners. In the second chapter, Mrs. Ramsay’s death is announced. The third chapter, The Lighthouse, happens years after the first chapter. Mr. Ramsay, together with his children and two of their guests, including Lily Briscoe, revisits the summer house. Lily contemplates the completion of her painting as Mr. Ramsay leads his children on a boat ride to the lighthouse. The novel ends as Lily completes her work.

Literary Analysis of The True Story of Hansel and Gretel Essay

Set in Poland during the German occupation, â€Å"The True Story of Hansel and Gretel† is told as a fairy tale, utilizing many of the elements that are common to fairy tales. This book reflects the Grimm brothers’ fairy tale, â€Å"Hansel and Gretel.† However, in Murphy’s parable, Hansel and Gretel are two Jewish children who are abandoned by their father and stepmother in order to save them from the Nazis. Setting the tale in Nazi Germany creates an atmosphere of fear and anxiety, and establishes a set of circumstances in which it is possible for people to act in ways that would be unacceptable under other circumstances. The stepmother is a good example of this. She is the force in the family – it is she who decides that everyone in the family will have a better chance of survival, if they split up – the children going off alone together and the parents going in another direction. Unlike the portrayal of the stepmother in the Grimm fairy tale, this stepmother is not wicked. She is strong willed and determined, but not evil, although she is protecting herself and her husband by abandoning the children. Using the stepmother as the villain is common in fairy tales, according to Stone in her article â€Å"Things Walt Disney Didn’t Tell Us.† She suggests that the woman of the family is nearly always chosen for the part of the villain. But in Murphy’s story, the stepmother’s actions, while they may appear villainous at the outset, may be construed as heroic in the end, because she only abandons the children in order to save them. She also cares deeply about the children’s welfare, enough that she loses her life as a result of attempting to find them. In this instance, Murphy is reminding us that the horrors of the time were so great th... ...s not asked to use logic and hence the emotional impact of the story is more direct and perhaps more potent. This book left me with a deeper sense of the horrors experienced by the Polish people, especially the Jews and the gypsies, at the hands of the Germans, while illustrating the combination of hope and incredible resilience that kept them going. Works Cited Murphy, Louise, (2013). The Real Story of Hansel and Gretel. Penguin Books. Stone, Kay (1975). Things Walt Disney Never Told Us. The Journal of American Folklore, Vol 88, No 347, Women and Folklore pp42-50, University of Illinois Press. Hansjorg, Hohr, (2000). Dynamic Aspects of Fairy Tales: social and emotional competence through fairy tales. Scandinavian Journal of Educational Research, Vol 44, No 1, Department of Education, Norwegian University of Science and Technology

Critical Analysis Essay Essay

This section contains a summary of the article â€Å"What Cost Chris Dussold His Dream Job?† In his introduction, Bartlett explains how Mr.Dussold was a professor at Southern Illinois University at Edwardsville and was fired for â€Å"copying another professor’s teaching statement.† But further explains that Mr.Dussold says â€Å"that was not the real reason he was fired† and that â€Å"Now Mr.Dussold is on a crusade to restore his reputation†¦Ã¢â‚¬  he goes on to explain how Mr.Dussold lands the dream job he wanted which was going smoothly until one day when a rumor started. Mr.Dussold tries many ways to make the rumor stop happening and assure everyone it is not true. Bartlett tells you about how the university does investigations on the rumor and what Mr.Dussold does to try and clear his name. Describing later on how the investigation ended and explain why Dussold ends up suing the college for false termination. Arguments See more: how to write a critical analysis outline The main purpose of this article written by Bartlett is to help prove the innocence of Mr.Dussold and give the side of Dussold’s story behind the rumor made against him. Trying to make an ethical argument Bartlett tells how Dussold’s reputation is put into question. According to the article Bartlett describes how Dussold had gone to Southern Illinois as a student and had offers from other colleges to work there but took the job at SIUE because â€Å"It felt like coming home.† In fact he said â€Å"‘I used to tell them I would take this job for nothing,’† and how many of his students and colleagues enjoyed working with him. Dussold tried to steer clear of arguments with others and then out of nowhere a rumor is started the ruins his character as a teacher. Bartlett also elucidates that Dussold whole life started changing after this rumor had been started. The author states that Dussold who was once an outgoing professor but once the rumor started, allegations were made about  him which led him to start questioning everyone and everything around him â€Å"Every interaction now carried a question mark: Who believes the rumor?†¦Were there more?† Each day these questions were rattling around in his head, not knowing the answer to any of them. Eventually he starts going into his own shell trying to not cause any more problems in his life â€Å"The once-outgoing professor started keeping to himself.† The rumors started making Dussold stressed showing us an emotional argument. Author Style Bartlett starts out describing how Dussold has told this story many times, saying how he was fired, how he was escorted and how he felt hopeless. â€Å"But even after two years and numerous retellings, the emotion still sneaks up on him.† But does not give the full story away making you curious and wanting to read more. He also goes on to mention that he was fired for â€Å"plagiarism† but he felt that, that was not the true reason. Dussold believes the reason is because a rumor that had start but was not true, and vouched to clear his name. â€Å"No matter what you think of Mr. Dussold†¦you can’t dent his zeal: He is a man on a mission.† Though Bartlett tells you this information he still leaves out the main details like what the rumor is or how Mr. Dussold is going to prove his side of the story making this an intriguing contradiction. Bartlett writes this story in order of the events that had happened besides his brief explanation in the introduction. In the first passage of this article Bartlett explains how Dussold used to be a student at SIUE and was ecstatic when he was offered a job there â€Å"’I used to tell them I’d take this job for nothing,’† going on to say how he and his colleagues as well as his students were getting along well and his life was going good. Later on you find out about how Dussold’s life has been turned upside down due to a rumor starting accusing him of having sexual activities with a student that was in one of his after school clubs, †Every interaction now carried a question mark,†. Eventually you learn that Dussold get the dean involved who does his own investigation and later on fires but not for the rumor, but because of plagiarism of another professors work. Dussold turns back around after getting fired and sues them because he believes he was truly fired because of the rumor, and how he now has a new job and a college not far from SIUE, â€Å"He remains convinced that it was the rumor-and the fear that he  would sue-that led to his firing. And he believes he can prove that in court.† Response This story was unconvincing due to the fact that Bartlett says Dussold claims to be fired because the rumor was started. Then Bartlett just explains everything surrounding the rumor and never exaggerates on the actual reason he got fired, which was plagiarism. It is also unbelievable since it says Ms. Peyla, the student from the rumor, decided at one point to just go on with the rumor and report that it was true. Not many people would willingly just agree with a rumor that is potentially life ruining if it were not true. This article could have been more convincing if other professors or students had been included in the story. This would have helped because the more witnesses the more proof of what really happened and that usually would help in deciding if a person is guilty or not judging from an article about their situation.

Bell Jar Analysis

Sylvia Plath’s semi-autobiographical novel â€Å"The Bell Jar† employs many of the same confessional techniques and themes of her poetic work. While the novel is confessional, it is also provides sociological commentary (and insight) into the processes of medical treatment and the social ostracization and victimization of the mentally ill.A basic technique used in the novel, by Plath, is to present a seemingly â€Å"normal† world and then, by way of internal monologue and character development, allow the reader to glimpse a highly studied and carefully described portrayal of the way that mental illness impacts both society and the individual.By expressing a personal encounter with metal illness, Plath, through the character of Esther, presents a ‘case study† in clinical depression and bipolar disorder without resorting to clinical diagnoses or psychological language or theories. Instead, her literary interpretation of mental illness functions to expan d the clinical understanding of mental disorders by providing cognitive insight into the experienced phenomena of mental illness.The opening line of the novel: â€Å"It was a queer, sultry summer, the summer the electrocuted the Rosenbergs† (Plath, 1) reveals the novel’s essential theme and conflict: that of the individual who stands â€Å"outside looking in† with regard to their society: it is a theme of psychological rather than physical exile, though Esther identifies, via the powerful verb â€Å"electrocuted,† with the physical suffering of the Rosenbergs who were tried and executed for espionage and treason.Because the central conflict in â€Å"the Bell Jar† is internal, Plath constructs a dynamic and multi-faceted character whose preoccupations range from fashion, to dating, to the themes of great literature and to the essential meanings of life and death. Throughout the novel more is shown than told; that is, Plath refrains from divulging in formation about Esther directly; instead, she constructs scenes which transmit the internal character conflicts through symbolism and metaphor. A clinical diagnosis of Esther's mental illness can be made by deeply exploring the literary techniques of the novel.The novel's plot is relatively simple: a young, ambitious, and very talented woman wins a summer internship as a big-time New York magazine. While in New York, the young woman, Esther, suffers a series of unpleasant and often dangerous situations, begins to feel sense of hypocrisy and unhappiness in herself and in the world of glamour-publishing and seems to rebel against this hypocrisy (and sexism) by quitting her internship and throwing her expensive wardrobe out of her hotel window.Then, after returning to the suburbs to live with her mother, and failing to begin both her hoped-for novel and her college thesis, Esther begins to act increasingly erratically and self-destructively, severing her relationships and losing touch with her own creativity and ambition, until she is referred to a psychiatrist. Esther, however, is not psychologically unstable due to weakness or deformation: this is clear from the novel’s portrayal of her as a bright and shining and talented â€Å"golden girl† who wins poetry prizes and scholarships and is dating a medical student and writing term papers on Joyce.After being treated with electroshock therapy, Esther's condition and crisis become more and more severe until she attempts suicide, is â€Å"saved,† and sent to a mental hospital where she again receives electroshock therapy. The novel fails to provide any concrete resolution to Esther's crisis, and in doing so, avoids making any determination about the benefits of Esther's clinical diagnoses and treatment.However, the emotional arc of the narrative can certainly be said to move toward the positivistic and there are potentialities and capacities that are reinstated into Esther's character after her treatment. To fully understand the process of Esther's breakdown (and apply a clinical diagnosis), the reader must read deeply into the novel and consider deeply the relationships of the characters and the cross-ties adn relationships which fluctuate, not to the rhythms of a traditional novel's story-arc, but to the weird rhythms of Esther's own mental illness.In fact, the narrative is structured very similarly to a poem in that metaphorical and symbolic expression convey the essential dynamics of the story's themes at a far more attenuated level than the conventional storytelling elements of plot, conflict, and resolution. Of the latter, Plath conspicuously avoids classical execution; for example, â€Å"The Bell Jar† posits no clear antagonist, no externalized central conflict, and refrains from set-closure at its climax. This is a way by which the clinical diagnosis of Esther's diagnosis can be made.Her initial relationships portrayed in the novel include a â€Å"mentorâ⠂¬  in New York, the editor Jaycee, an â€Å"older sister† friend named Doreen, a fiancee named Buddy, and a literary mentor and benefactress named Philomena Guinea who was is a wealthy, famous novelist. Each of the relationships reflects an aspect of the healthy personality: ambitious, creative, socially engaged, and creative. Also, Esther's erotic drive, while never posited in the novel as â€Å"resolvable† decreases until she is able to view sex as only an oppressive act against women.As Esther's plight worsens, each of the relationships is severed. The clinical diagnosis which seems most applicable to Esther Greenwood would be that of clinical depression and a bipolar personality. Interestingly enough, bipolar disorder is often associated with creative minds and artists. read at one level, â€Å"The Bell Jar† describes the plight of the artistic mind in modern society as well as the plight of the artistic mind gripped by clinical mental illness.The key to s eparating where the individualist, the artist and rebel lies in Esther Greenwood and where the â€Å"madwoman,† the victim of a clinical mental illness lies is to apply rigorous methodology to the explication of the novel as a piece of literature. One such scene, which is representative of this technique used throughout â€Å"The Bell Jar,† is the scene when Esther, having traveled to new York upon winning an internship at a famous fashion magazine, throws her expensive wardrobe out of her hotel window.â€Å"The wind made an effort, but failed, and a batlike shadow sank toward the roof garden of the opposite penthouse† (Plath, 90). Such compressed and highly symbolic language forwards both character development (Esther is mentally unstable) as well as foreshadowing with the bat representing death and Esther’s ultimate plunge into attempted suicide. There is no gaiety in the scene, which if in evidence would suggest a triumphant rejection of the superficia lities described in the novel about the fashion-district of New York and Esther’s experiences there.Instead, a sens of doom pervades, along with a sense of self-destruction and psychological instability: â€Å"Piece by piece, I fed my wardrobe to the night wind, and flutteringly, like a loved one’s ashes, the gray scraps were ferried off, to settle here, there, exactly where I would never know, in the dark hart of New York. † (Plath 91). This single scene stands as emblematic of Esther’s (and Plath’s) essential plight: that of the bipolar personality and the track toward attempted suicide.The scene also represents the symptomatic progression of full-blown bipolar personality disorder which is characterized by depressive episodes and suicidal obsessions. The combination of high-achievement, goal-setting, ambition, creativity, task-setting, and personal expression with an equally profound sense of purposelessness, meaninglessness, lack of energy, lac k of sex drive, and plummeting self identity and a plummeting sense of self-esteem are compressed brilliantly into the above-described scene. By explicating the symbolism deeply, the bipolar disorder is easily uncovered.The feelings Esther has of not being able to connect with her life, of not comprehending her society or valuing her interpersonal relationships are aspects of the acute depressive crisis which marks the depressive â€Å"extreme† of the bipolar disorder. The novel describes how an acute depressive episode can lead to suicide even when treatment is being administered. The treatment which would seem most applicable for Esther Greenwood by modern diagnostic processes is not that which is provided for her in the novel: electroshock therapy.Rather, what is indicated is that Esther should be treated with psycho therapy, primarily, with perhaps the inclusion of certain, limited medication. The inclusion of family-centered therapy, social rhythm therapy, and cognitive therapy along with medication would provide the best hope for Esther's clinical recovery. However, the process of metal disorder described in the novel is mush wider, much more comprehensive than even modern therapies would seem to be an adequate redress for — although even a slight improvement in prognosis would probably have saved Esther from suicide.In order to restore and strengthen hern creative gifts and reinstate her standing in society, the clinical treatments might at least give Esther an impetus toward a healthy rather than self-destructive life. So carefully designed is Esther’s portrayal in â€Å"The Bell Jar,† that the reader stands an ever-increasing chance of identifying as deeply with Esther’s plight as Esther herself seems to identify with the plight of the Rosenbergs.In other words, the last thing which is intimated in the novel is that Esther bears any personal responsibility for her mental illness or the social stigmas that are attache d to it. In fact, I personally do not belive that there was anything Esther could have done or should have done to â€Å"prevent† her collapse. From rape to institutionalized chauvinism and the â€Å"saint-whore† syndrome, Esther experiences a multitude of the sociological injuries borne against women in America.She also, as a poet, stands for the sociological persecution of artists and the cultural misunderstanding of their sensitivities. Throughout the novel, Esther’s internal dialogue and descriptions of situations stands in bold contrast to the mundane and often mean or ignorant dialogue and observations of the novel’s minor characters. In addition to these deeper, more socially and politically inspired themes, â€Å" The Bell Jar† captures intimate details of middle-class adolescence: the struggle to succeed, the position often social outcast, and the cruelties and injustices of love and eroticism.This is why The Bell Jar is such an important novel: because it places an intimately personal, yet universal, protagonist in the grip of what modern psychology and modern psychiatry understand as a clinical mental illness. Rather than approach the topic clinically, Plath approaches the theme poetically and confessionally and draws the reader into a closes identification with Esther Greenwood. The result is that the alert reader, even one who is familiar with the clinical processes of bipolar disorder, will recognize a personal plight beneath the level which is clinically descriptive.The reader's identification with Esther then takes the form of first hope, then skepticism, about the clinical treatments (and practitioners) which are engaged ostensibly in working for Esther's recovery. Whether one reads the central theme of The Bell Jar as one of individuality and the alienation from modern society or as a literary portrayal of a clinically defined mental disorder, the conclusion that individuals who suffer from mental illness ar e both victimized and stigmatized in modern society is clear.My personal feeling is that Esther Greenwood is far more of a universal character than many would like to belive and that her portrayal in The Bell Jar indicates both the destructive influence of mental illness and the destructive influence of modern society which is revealed to be both widespread and institutionalized. References Plath, Sylvia The Bell Jar Bantam Books New York NY 1971.

Essay Sample on Russian Revolution

Essay Sample on Russian Revolution In 1900 Russia was the last remaining absolute autocracy out of the great powers of Europe. Approximately eighty four per cent of Russians were peasants, lead by an over privileged upper class who had enslaved them for centuries. There existed a total lack of understanding or sympathy between the workers/peasants and their ruling class, who cared little about their responsibility and obligation to care for the welfare of their people. By the turn of the century many voices emerged in hope to see reforms of their backward nation. For many years there had been desire for reform, but not until the layer upon layer of revolutionary pressure in the precondition phase did it blatantly warn of change, which Tsar Nicholas 2nd attempted to ignore and oppress. However, his oppression only fueled the fire of revolutionary minds and hearts, who despite superficial concessions by the Tsar in 1905 strived to see a permanent transformation of their great yet backward nation. From the period 1900-19 17 the events such as Bloody Sunday, the great strikes, famines and war would confront and enchant the Russian people and eventually leaders to revolution and an end to a 300 year dynasty. The Tsar Nicholas the 2nd was a man who’s ignorance of his people’s hardships combined with his resistance to any political reform tragically led to his abdication and eventual assassination. He and all those loyal to him believed that he had a divine right from God to be the absolute ruler of Russia, therefore any attempt to undermine his power such as the formation of a constitutional monarchy was believed to be against the will of God. Nicholas 2nd was greatly out of touch with his people, and only received censored reports from the ministers he personally appointed. The many strikes from 1899 to 1903 were crushed with the force of his army, forbidding the population to have any alternate political voice. The peaceful protest of January 1905 lead by father Giorgi Gapon, was responded to with the brutal forces which had oppressed the majority of the Russian people for centuries. Any alternate political voice was outlawed, resulting in the execution, imprisonment or ex ile of identified revolutionaries. Core to the Tsar’s belief was absolute power, or none, and it was this resilience which would lead to his abdication, his inability to accept and compromise power over the Russian people whom he had little in common. The upper class of Russian society had little to complain about in the beginning of the century, the many parties, picnics and concerts gave them little to complain about. Controlling most of the wealth of Russia, the upper-class nobles had no desire for change to their luxurious and decadent lifestyle. They had little will to help the starving and toiling masses, and chose to merely accept that it was God’s intention for those to be poor. The wealthy were so out of touch with the majority of Russian society that they did not at first take seriously the signs of revolution around them; the many emerging political parties, the growing amount of strikes and assassinations, and the increasing incidences of violence in the countryside. This ruling class supported the autocracy and had no intention to change Russia in the preconditions to the revolution. Russia’s middle class had varying views upon the leadership of their country. The rich middle class had a healthy and relatively easy lifestyle and therefore little desire for change. However it was the middle class which fostered the intelligentsia who were the minds that fueled the revolution. As the working and peasant classes were without education, it was the well educated yet not overtly wealthy section of the middle class who developed revolutionary ideas, writings and underground political discussions. The Liberal party was supported by the educated and middle classes, which believed that Russia should become a constitutional monarchy with free democratic elections and that people should be granted civil liberties such as freedom of speech, association and worship. This group of people would in 1905 form the party named the Cadets. In addition the â€Å"father† of the revolution, Lenin, was raised in a middle class family with an excellent education at primary, secondary and tertiary level. The middle class who supported change provided the educated few who would provide leadership to the dissatisfied masses. The Russian Orthodox Church created and supported the core belief that the Tsar was the only fit ruler of Russia. The power of the church, like it had been for centuries in many other countries, taught its followers to accept hardship, and believe that it was always God’s intention. It encouraged the people to believe that the Tsar was chosen by God to rule and protect them, and mislead them to believe that he had their best interests at mind. However, the people eventually realized that their â€Å"little father† had no interest in their welfare, and hence revolutionary groups condemned religion and the Orthodox Church which made people accept their unjustifiable hardships. There also existed supporters outside of Russia who had an opinion of the ruling of Russia, especially during the Second World War. Allies of Russia, France and Britain, believed that any revolution in Russia during the First World War would lead to their retreat from the war and henceforth allow Germany and its allies to concentrate its army on the western front. Without Russia in the war its Allies would be in great vulnerability to the forces of Germany and Austria Hungary, giving them every reason to resist change until revolution inevitably broke out. It was Russia’s enemy Germany who provided a sealed train through the battlefields in 1917, containing approximately 30 revolutionaries. One of these was Lenin. It was in Germany’s best interests that they send people to Russia who would hopefully stir it up, as a revolution at the time would almost grant them victors. The peasantry of Russia from 1860 had seen little real change in their living and working conditions, allowing continuous discontent due to their economic hardships and a harsh unsympathizing leader. Despite freedom from serfdom and the availability of government loans to buy land in 1861, they were in reality still enslaved by the wealthy landowners to whom they were indebted. In addition to this crushing debt, the peasantry would still use backward, inefficient agricultural methods using small strips of land. There was hardly enough land in comparison to the amount of peasants and mouths to feed, resulting in widespread famine. The government charged incredibly heavy taxes on grain and other produce, as well as every day items such as wheat and alcohol. There were poor harvests in 1900 and 1902 creating great famines and mass starvation in the country side. Such poor conditions and a series of harsh seasons led to outbreaks of violence against local landlords, burning their houses and seizing land for themselves. In reality, the uneducated masses of peasants would most probably have support a revolution which would allow them to own their own land without debts and fair taxes. The complaints of the peasants remained unheard by the leaders until certain political parties would rally to them in order to gain mass support for their causes. The assassinations of landlords and taking over of land did little in the long run other than to show signs of discontent; it was not until they could be organized and united by a strong leader would their complaints be listened to. The Stolypin reforms resulted in more discontent as the most efficient peasants, which consisted of only around 15%, were allowed to buy land of those who were less enterprising, however this resulted in many losing their land without anything to feed their families on. Some would go to the cities and join the working class; others would roam the country side for work. Nevertheless, only a small percentage of peasantry would see an improvement in their living conditions upon the outbreak of the First World War, resulting in the increased pressure for revolution. The working class of the relatively new industrial centers went through waves of discontent from 1900 to the offset of the revolution. Terribly poor working, sanitary and living conditions caused the workers to itch for reform, firstly by means of peaceful protest, then repeated strikes and acts of violence. After 1900, workers wages rose little, especially in comparison to inflation. In 1902 an industrial slump caused thousands of workers to lose their jobs. This created conditions for an outbreak of strikes, acts of violence and assassinations. The low wages, increasing food prices and declining working conditions only fuelled the industrial unrest which was crushed by the Tsar’s forces, killing thousands of protesting workers. By 1917 there had been formed many parties which initially developed in the underground. The beliefs of Populism had influenced the socialist revolutionaries whose primary motivation for reform was the program of the â€Å"communization of the land†, where peasant life would be centered on the village, freed from the oppression of rural master, civil and personal liberties would be granted and everybody would have a right to education. Like most other revolutionary parties, they believed in the overthrow of the Tsarist regime and its replacement with a democratic, representative government. The socialist revolutionaries were mostly supported by the peasants, hence the occasional referral to them as the â€Å"Peasant’s Party†. The Social Democratic Workers Party closely followed Marxist principles, believing that the road to a communist revolution was through different phases, including a intermediate capitalist stage. They believed that the working class would eventually rise up against their oppressive capitalist employers (the dictatorship of the proletariat), and create a system where there would be no rankings and all citizens would be treated equally no matter what their occupation would be. At the congress of this party in 1903 there were recognized two different groups which would split the party. The Bolsheviks, or majority, headed by Lenin, believed that the masses should be led by and elite party to which membership should be exclusive. In contrast, the Mensheviks, or minority led by Martov, believed that all people should be able to become members of the party. This main ideological difference separated the party at the only time when Lenin’s fraction would actually be in majority. Even when sent to prison and exiled to Siberia for being a revolutionary, this vivacious leader would still write about the collapse of the regime which killed his older brother and which was still oppressing him. Lenin’s beliefs became too extreme for many, as he specifically believed in the violent and bloody overthrow of the autocracy, and even challenged Marxism by preferring to rush through the supposedly lengthily capitalist phase of a country’s development into a communist state. He stressed the importance of the correct time to ignite revolution, and it was upon his return to Russia in 1917 that he knew the starved, war-torn and disillusioned country would be at boiling point in readiness to change. Until 1917 the Russian armed forces had suffered a series of humiliating military defeats leading to outbreaks of mutiny and abandonment. The Russo-Japanese war saw the sound defeat of Russia’s aspirations to establish a naval base in Korea and Port Arthur. The sailors of the battleship Potemkin mutinied in 1905 and the losses of Russia’s Baltic Fleet and Far Eastern Army were demoralizing and deplorable. In 1914 the initial enthusiasm for Russia’s participation in the First World War quickly waned. The decisive defeats of the poorly organized Russian army against the Germans at Tannenberh and the Masurian lakes killed, wounded or took prisoner 8 million soldiers by 1917. Desertions began to be commonplace, the incompetent and ineffective officers allowed men to perish without ammunition or weapons, in the freezing cold without adequate weather protection. Upon return to their home towns or cities, the key force to change or its resistance was willing to support those revolutionaries who would end the war and slaughter of their comrades. You can order a custom essay, term paper, research paper, thesis or dissertation on Russian Revolution topics at our professional custom essay writing service which provides students with custom papers written by highly qualified academic writers. High quality and no plagiarism guarantee! Get professional essay writing help at an affordable cost.

The Edmund Fitzgerald essays

The Edmund Fitzgerald essays One of the greatest ships to sail the Great Lakes was the Edmund Fitzgerald. The Edmund Fitzgerald had sailed for many years until it sank in 1975. The Edmund Fitzgerald was built in 1958; it was 729 feet long and weighed 13,632 tons (Stonehouse 13). This was the largest ship to sail the Great Lakes until 1971(Stonehouse 13). The Edmund Fitzgerald had a sister ship called the Arthur B. Homer, which was the second biggest ship on the great lakes (Stonehouse 13). The Edmund Fitzgerald had a 7,000 horsepower steam turbine engine that could push the ship at around 16 miles an hour (Stonehouse 13). Northwestern Mutual Life Insurance Company of Milwaukee owned the ship. Aboard the ship there were 29 crew members, the captain, 3 licensed deck officers, a chief engineer, 4 licensed engineering officers, and 20 unlicensed personnel (U.S. Marine Reports). The ships captain was Ernest Mcsorley who was a master of the Great Lakes and had 44 years sailing them (Stonehouse 25). The ship had sailed the great lakes for many years until that day in 1975 when it was never seen again. The Edmund Fitzgerald had left a port in Superior, Wis. At around 2:15 pm on November 09, 1975 (Stonehouse 24). The ship was fully fueled and loaded for its trip to Detroit Michigan. The boat had traveled about two hours across lake superior when it became in sight of another boat, the Arthur M. Anderson. Around 7:00 Pm the Edmund Fitzgerald started to come across bad weather conditions and had to change its course. The Fitzgerald and the Anderson both changed course and started heading to the lakes more northern waters, which was called the fall north route (Stonehouse 25). The two ships had traveled along the same course for many hours and the storm was still very strong. The two ships were battling waves of 10-12 feet, winds of up to fifty knots, and even snow (Stonehouse 26). The Anderson was about 16 miles away from the Fitzgerald when th ...

I Said Jerry Rig

I Said Jerry Rig I Said Jerry Rig I Said Jerry Rig By Kate Evans All I did was ask him if he wanted me to jerry rig his shower curtain, but he looked at me like Id asked him something really inappropriate. Its not the first time Ive gotten confused or blank looks when Ive used the term jerry rig, which is a shame, because Im a very good jerry rigger. I can fashion a rain jacket out of a cereal box or repair my car engine with a paperclip and a piece of used chewing gum. Thats what jerry rigging is, making makeshift repairs or creating contraptions out of whatever materials you have on hand. MacGyver was also a very good jerry rigger. The origins of jerry rigging are debated. The term could could be a mutation of jury rigging, which in todays lexicon, can be used with jerry rigging interchangeably. Jury rig has roots as a nautical term, referring to the replacement mast and yards used in an emergency. The term has been used since at least 1788. It is probable that jury comes from the Old French, ajurie, meaning relief or help. Another theory is that the term jerry rigging is separate from jury rigging and actually comes from World War II. Apparently, American troops adopted the term to describe machines that were repaired with salvaged parts, left behind by retreating German soldiers (jerry being a pejorative term for Germans). In any case, you should use it, to make MacGyver proud or just to see the looks on peoples faces. Should you need inspiration, here are a few examples of jerry rigging as demonstrated by Angus MacGyver, fictional star of the action/adventure series, Macgyver: Plug a sulfuric acid leak with chocolate Fix a water pump with two half dollars Make a telescope out of a newspaper and a magnifying glass Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Expressions category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Using "a" and "an" Before WordsBody Parts as Tools of MeasurementBail Out vs. Bale Out

Survey Questionnaire and Plan Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Survey Questionnaire and Plan - Research Paper Example Because of this concern the marketing department in the multinational company has been asked to oversee a survey among the stakeholders in the most affected areas which include the US and the beyond from which a market risk assessment can be made and thereafter decisions made to overcome the challenge. Following this a market survey was enlisted for three countries in which twenty stakeholders (consumers and employees) in each resident company in those countries would be involved from whose responses a qualitative analysis will be done. In this paper we consider the preliminary activities of the survey in which we consider the research questions to be addressed in the survey, the survey hypothesis, the design and the rationale of the survey and the procedures involved in conducting the survey. We shall also consider any tests to be conducted and modifications of the results as may be required, the analysis techniques to be employed and then the expected milestones. Marketing the McDonalds meat product is an important bit of the company because of what the product has to the company. Following several campaigns in the market posting fast foods served at the restaurants as unfit for consumption and other campaigns posting McDonalds Company as working behind a mask, there has developed negative attitude from the customers who are sourced globally (Evenson, 2010). In one of the campaigns it was posted that the company has failed to offer safe meat. The pro-vegetarianism have insisted on the informing the public about the unfitness of meat and meat product consumption. On the other hand the global move towards green meat is impacting on the meat products in the company especially in the times when the world is experiencing cases of zoonotic diseases like flu and mad cow diseases. Given the circumstances the company may not be able to effectively

Communication analysis on gender equality in the work place Research Paper

Communication analysis on gender equality in the work place - Research Paper Example At the same time, many contemporary cases of women who have developed prosperous corporate entities beg the question of gender equality at the work place (Eikhof, 2012). For example, Oprah Winfrey created a business empire virtually on her own. From a communications standpoint, the following paper analyzes gender equality at the workplace in different sectors. Sectors dominated by women ought to experienced equality in pay, decreased sex discrimination, and have a more or less higher number of managing women than sectors dominated by men. This is because women have better chances in service, investment, property, wholesale, and retail sectors. In addition, Women have better communications skills than men. Women have better communication skills than men do because they bear a more relationship-based attitude towards work than men do. Men often choose to be objective when it comes to work, which makes it hard for them to appeal to others personally. In addition, women process knowledge aloud while men process within their minds. Processing knowledge aloud means there is a form of interaction. The more women process knowledge aloud, the better their communication skills. The relationship-based attitude of women further led to a consensus-type of leadership while men’s rational thinking often leads to a hierarchical-type of leadership. The consensus-type of leadership requires better communication skills than hierarchical because it involves less commands or orders and more personal interaction or engagement. However, this is not the case since managing women keep on lagging behind their male peers in terms of income and workplace dominance and opportunities in virtually all sectors. Author Simma Lieberman argues that men and women differ in a number of ways. These ways determine gender equality at the place of work.

Listening, Learning and Communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Listening, Learning and Communication - Essay Example There is such a thing as ineffective communication, which instead of creating a fine relationship with others, it creates tension between people who are trying to create connection with their fellowmen. This is where communication roadblocks enter the discussion. These roadblocks are usually encountered because of the differences of each human individual. It could be noted that because of the differences of each person, the receiving and giving of message through words and action between people may not be that common enough to easily understand. Within the paragraphs that follow, the said twelve roadblocks shall be discussed clearly as based from the sensation, perception and attention practice that had been performed by the author of this paper. The roadblocks mentioned earlier could be identified to fall into three major divisions. These include judging, sending solutions, and avoiding other's concerns. These three divisions are then subdivided into few more 12 subsections. At some point, these destructive procedures of communication at times happen when two persons are in a discussion that is involving problems or personal troubles. Because of the tension that is usually built up due to the problem being talked about, the sense of right reasoning is usually lost because of the lack of understanding that exists due to the tension. To be able to understand everything, the twelve roadblocks should be discussed herein in a clearer pattern: Judging Criticizing This is the way by which a person intends to manipulate the thinking of the other person through questioning the attitudes of the other. Not only that, the situation usually aggravates the questioning of the attitude of the other towards the other person. Robert Bolton comments on the matter saying: "Many of us feel we need to be critical, or other people will never improve we make a negative evaluation of the other person, for his or her actions, or attitudes." (Burtis, 2005, 18) The attitude of man to even aggravate the situation being faced by the other because of some emotional attachment to the issue makes this particular roadblock an effective way of stopping or heating up a particular conversation. Name-calling At some point, when people get pissed off because of a heated conversation, they tend to course the other or at times they name-call the others with insulting titles that makes it hard for the other party of communication to understand clearly what is happening. The result then leads to a more aggravated heated conversation. Bolton further adds, "Name calling and labeling usually have negative overtones to both the sender and receiver. Labeling prevents us from getting to know ourselves and other individuals." (1999) Diagnosing At some point, when people argue over something, they become too much sensitive with how the other reacts upon a certain situation or how a person intends to talk back to them. The sensitiveness results to diagnosis of the reaction of the other and the way of speech that he or she uses within the conversation. Instead of simply listening to what the person says, reading between the lines becomes another way of decoding the bodily message of the person who is speaking. Another comment from Bolton reads: "We analyze

Philosophy and Psychiatry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Philosophy and Psychiatry - Essay Example For every argument that "personal reactive attitude" puts forward, there is a counter-argument used by "objective attitude." The whole idea seems to be rotating in circles and ending up in a blind alley. Strawson is, however, diplomatic in his stand. While he is willing to side one, he is not prepared to sidestep or antagonize the other. He voices his opinion in favour of the first group, the group which simply dismisses the thesis of determinism as something it does not know anything about. However, he sympathizes with the other group or sub-groups. Could it be hypocrisy on his part No, says Strawson. He favours reconciliation because he believes that there is some light in what the group of pessimists, optimists and sceptics say. The Arguments Now, coming to the main issue, the optimists feel that the thesis of determinism cannot be ruled out as false for the simple reason that the "facts as we know them do not show determinism to be false." [2] That is to say, the optimists feel, there are enough facts to corroborate the existence and relevance of determinism. However, they submit that the facts are not strong enough to convince the pessimists. Or else, they are not in a position to present the facts in a convincing manner. Therefore, the optimists are willing to 2 The Determinism and Freedom Philosophy Website -- of http://www.ucl.ac.uk/uctytho/dfwstrawson1.htm, page 2 concede a "vital part" of their facts which they find difficult to produce, in exchange for the pessimists' willingness to "go beyond the facts" and thus allow some kind of a status quo, so that whatever is "beyond the facts" may still hold out some ray of hope for the pessimists. The status quo is necessary because the pessimists cannot prove that the optimists are...The status quo is necessary because the pessimists cannot prove that the optimists are totally wrong for being unable to adequately represent the facts. (page 2) Going a step further, Strawson elaborates, â€Å"Some optimists about determinism point to the efficacy of the practices of punishment, and of moral condemnation and approval, in regulating behaviour in socially desirable ways. The fact of their efficacy, they suggest, is an adequate basis for these practices; and this fact certainly does not show determinism to be false.† To this the pessimists counter that, â€Å"just punishment and moral condemnation imply moral guilt and guilt implies moral responsibility and moral responsibility implies freedom and freedom implies the falsity of determinism.† The optimists persist, â€Å"it is true that these practices require freedom in a sense, and the existence of freedom in this sense is one of the facts as we know them. But what ‘freedom’ means here is nothing but the absence of certain conditions the presence of which would make moral condemnation or punishment inappropriate.† [3] How one wishes the buck stopped here! But it does not! The pessimists too persist, â€Å"You turn towards me first the negative, and then the positive, faces of a freedom which nobody challenges. But the only reason you have given for the practices of moral condemnation and punishment in cases where this freedom is present.

The British Royal Marine Corps Influence on the US Marine Corps Research Paper

The British Royal Marine Corps Influence on the US Marine Corps - Research Paper Example In order to understand the complexities of the reactions of the United States corps towards the British corps, it is imperative to first analyze the manner in which the British authority treated the Indians. The facts that have been publicized concerning the British rule in United States corps give a glimpse of the sad realities that faced the population of the Briton at that time. With respect to the British population in India at the time, the Indians did not have any rights. An example of the treatment they faced is best exemplified by the fact that they were not allowed to walk on the sidewalks next to the British. Failure to adhere to this and any other baseless law resulted in the incarceration of the Indian outlaw. It is right to refer to wrongdoers as such since they basically received treatment akin to outlaws. While inside the jails and prisons, the Indians were severely beaten and abused by the commanding British police officers. The treatment of the United Corpse at that time is akin to the treatment of the black population by the Americans in the nineteenth century. It is however imperative to note that this had not always been the status quo. In fact, at the beginning of the British presence in India, the relationship between the British and Indians was quite respectful. The harsh inhumane treatments were realized with the progress of time. The British had gone to the extent of taking on United States corps wives while at the same time embracing a number of Indian customs and traditions.... It is right to refer to wrong doers as such, since they basically received treatment akin to outlaws. While inside the jails and prisons, the Indians were severely beaten and abused by the commanding British police officers. The treatment of the United Corpse at that time is akin to the treatment of the black population by the Americans in the nineteenth centuryiii. It is however imperative to note that this had not always been the status quo. In fact, at the beginning of the British presence in India, the relationship between the British and Indians was quite respectful. The harsh inhumane treatments were realized with progress of time. At the beginning, the British had gone to the extent of taking on United States corps wives while at the same time embracing a number of Indian customs and traditions. So, what factors led to this drastic change in attitude? There is one conjecture that has been entertained by historians. This entails the industrialization of Britain with respect to United States Corps. With time, Britain became more industrialized at a higher rate than America. As such, the feelings of contempt on the Indians were sourced from this fact. This was rather vain of the British populace. Also of prime importance to note, is that the British power structure propagated the notion of being of a superior race with respect to all other races. As such, equality was essentially unheard of and therefore could not be entertained. Though there had been a few Britons calling for equality, a majority of them adopted a rather low regard for the Indian population. With the advance of education, a larger population of the native Indians started to become more and more educated. As a consequence of this trend, feelings of

Philosophy and Psychiatry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Philosophy and Psychiatry - Essay Example For every argument that "personal reactive attitude" puts forward, there is a counter-argument used by "objective attitude." The whole idea seems to be rotating in circles and ending up in a blind alley. Strawson is, however, diplomatic in his stand. While he is willing to side one, he is not prepared to sidestep or antagonize the other. He voices his opinion in favour of the first group, the group which simply dismisses the thesis of determinism as something it does not know anything about. However, he sympathizes with the other group or sub-groups. Could it be hypocrisy on his part No, says Strawson. He favours reconciliation because he believes that there is some light in what the group of pessimists, optimists and sceptics say. The Arguments Now, coming to the main issue, the optimists feel that the thesis of determinism cannot be ruled out as false for the simple reason that the "facts as we know them do not show determinism to be false." [2] That is to say, the optimists feel, there are enough facts to corroborate the existence and relevance of determinism. However, they submit that the facts are not strong enough to convince the pessimists. Or else, they are not in a position to present the facts in a convincing manner. Therefore, the optimists are willing to 2 The Determinism and Freedom Philosophy Website -- of http://www.ucl.ac.uk/uctytho/dfwstrawson1.htm, page 2 concede a "vital part" of their facts which they find difficult to produce, in exchange for the pessimists' willingness to "go beyond the facts" and thus allow some kind of a status quo, so that whatever is "beyond the facts" may still hold out some ray of hope for the pessimists. The status quo is necessary because the pessimists cannot prove that the optimists are...The status quo is necessary because the pessimists cannot prove that the optimists are totally wrong for being unable to adequately represent the facts. (page 2) Going a step further, Strawson elaborates, â€Å"Some optimists about determinism point to the efficacy of the practices of punishment, and of moral condemnation and approval, in regulating behaviour in socially desirable ways. The fact of their efficacy, they suggest, is an adequate basis for these practices; and this fact certainly does not show determinism to be false.† To this the pessimists counter that, â€Å"just punishment and moral condemnation imply moral guilt and guilt implies moral responsibility and moral responsibility implies freedom and freedom implies the falsity of determinism.† The optimists persist, â€Å"it is true that these practices require freedom in a sense, and the existence of freedom in this sense is one of the facts as we know them. But what ‘freedom’ means here is nothing but the absence of certain conditions the presence of which would make moral condemnation or punishment inappropriate.† [3] How one wishes the buck stopped here! But it does not! The pessimists too persist, â€Å"You turn towards me first the negative, and then the positive, faces of a freedom which nobody challenges. But the only reason you have given for the practices of moral condemnation and punishment in cases where this freedom is present.

Innovation exploitation report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Innovation exploitation report - Essay Example The heat exchangers were mainly designed to extract heat energy from industrial waste but the grey water concept is to apply the same method to the waste water of the households. The company is looking forward to establish three modes of heat exchangers. The company needs to develop the heat exchanger, the connections, the sensors and the control system. Within a time span of three months - from June till the end of August - the company will develop and test heat exchangers and make them efficient enough to become a part of its main operations. The efficient system is crucial for acquiring significant market share. Adding the PVC coating gives additional efficiency plus it prevents contamination of clean water. With the help of a Gantt chart is scheduled for developing and testing the materials is included. The exact design that the company will manufacture will be protected by copyright laws and patents. The overall goal is to achieve efficiency by serving the customers’ need s and help contribute towards sustainable renewable energy systems. Waste heat from exhaust air, wastewater and refrigeration machinery can be used for space heating and hot water. Substantial amount of energy can be saved through this judicious use of heat exchangers (Harvey, 2006). The system has been in use successfully in various countries. For instance Herrera at al. (2003) showed with the use of just four heat exchangers in a complex in Mexico -a hospital, laundry, Sports Center with a swimming pool and a family healthcare unit – could save about 38% of thermal energy. A two-year independent study of heat exchanger systems installed in Britain’s houses observed a savings of 380 kWh and 500 kWh per person annually (AIMC4, 2014). The heat exchanger technology is being provided by LEED in the United States (Moore, 2013). The type of heat exchanger that the company is developing is very

Four Eras of Writing Essay Example for Free

Four Eras of Writing Essay History has evolved over the last two centuries. In the introduction to Interpretations of American History edited by Francis G. Couvares, et al., he states that the transition of the way history was interpreted has only â€Å"linked the past more strongly to the present† (Couvares 1). Before, historians –mostly white male- used to report only about â€Å"male† topics but since then, different issues have transformed the way history used to be. Over the last 400 years, the four different stages that have reshaped the writing of American history have been the providential, the rationalist, the nationalist, and the professional. Late- nineteenth-century historians, usually called â€Å"historicists† or â€Å"positivists† believed that history was like science and with practice it could be solved. According to Couvares, Croce believed that Positivists were faulty in their assumptions because history was perceived differently every time it was written down since no one thinks exactly alike. With so many different views, historians are usually adding more and more information to each other’s perceptions. Couvares says that â€Å"history is historiography, the study of history and its changing interpretations† (Couvares 3). When interpreting history, historians were influenced by their personal circumstances, beliefs, and environment. During the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, all through the Civil War, historians wrote a form of â€Å"providential history† (Couvares 4). Puritans – usually ministers, magistrates, and women- wished to â€Å"justify the ways of God to man, and vice-versa† (Couvares 4) in their history. They interpreted what was happening at the time as a sign of God wanting them to move forward which led them to believe that the Revolution was a win for â€Å"reformed† Christianity. With the European Enlightenment, came more of an intellectual and natural way of thinking. Couvares notes how the â€Å"rationalist historians†, greatly influenced by Newton and Locke, prospered along with the people who had been at the top of the colonies before. During this stage, the progress of reason (Couvares 5), as they called it, was their new belief. Most historians during this time were wealthy and with a high position in society, hence the style of their writing. Because of the way they thought of themselves, their history explained how the enlightened world was a success because of men like them. According to Couvares, Jeffersons Notes on the State of Virginia very much sums up the thought of the rationalists where they were the ones who achieved greatness, it wasnt God driven. However, the rationalists were not that far off from the providential its because their story still pointed upward (Couvares 6). As the nineteenth century went on, historians started to see America as the triumph of Anglo-Saxon people over inferior races (Couvares 6). They thought that because America had overcome other inferior races that they were better. Couvares explains how Bancroft organized Americas history around three themes: progress, liberty, and Anglo-Saxon destiny (Couvares 6). This is where the third stage comes in. Their idea that the Teutonic people were supposed to spread freedom across the globe was the start to their sense of pride, love, and nationalism. Not only were men, but also female historians hooked on this idea. Helen Hunt Jackson wrote about white-Indian relations, which at the time was a big obstacle to jump; while at the same time anthropologists beginning to study these relationships. Around the 1870s, though, Bancroft seemed like the past and the future possibilities were just around the corner. As universities started being built and education was more common among the middle class, history was becoming a profession. Practiced by the people who had access to advanced education, white men, they started concerning themselves with specialized training, research methodology, and educational credentials (Couvares 7). Adams and Turner both shared the belief of applying Darwins method to history. Adams argued that history was like physics and that it could be deciphered the same way. Even though Adams couldnt accomplish his goal, Turner did while at the same time seeming connected to the nationalists is sharing a little bit of their beliefs. Throughout the first half of the twentieth century, another type of professionals emerged. These Progressive historians, unlike the Adams, saw history as politics and not as science. They believed that science was needed to produce usable facts, and art to persuade people to act on them (Couvares 9) but it was political action what they wanted to accomplish with it; which could be why Progressives could be classified as reformers. Basically, their point was that the function of history â€Å"was to uncover the economic basis of political ideas†¦and educate the citizenry† (Couvares 9). In the end, with the Great Depression going on and the Second World War, the question that was raised was whether or not if the history had prepared them. Nobody could have foreseen what was going to happen, and eventually history continues to be written everyday and like Couvares pointd out, â€Å"history is an act of interpretation† (Couvares 1).

The Leadership Of Shakh Zayed Bin Sultan History Essay

The Leadership Of Shakh Zayed Bin Sultan History Essay Introduction During history there were many bright models of leadership that can be considered and analyzed to represent the successful leadership. Years ago United Arab Emirates has born many successful leaders such as Shakh Zayed Bin Sultan AL Nahyan. This report will identify who was Shakh Zayed Bin Sultan AL Nahyan and why I chose him as a successful leader. After that report will crucially analysis and evaluate his leadership and will shed some light to his leadership style. Report also will discuss the characters to rule his country. Finally report will go through his weaknesses and draw the conclusion. Zayed Bin Sultan AL Nahyan (1918 2004) Profile According to Mitera (2007) Shakh Zayed Bin Sultan AL Nhahyan was born in Emirate of Abu Dhabi in 1918. Shakh Sayed was the grandson of a ruler who contributes to establish of the AL Nhyan family in Abu Dhabi Sheikh Said Bin Halifax AL Nahyan. He becomes ruler of Emirate of Abu Dhabi in 1966 after the waiver of his eldest brother Shakh Shakhabot to him in 1966. Then in 1971 he elected as Unite Arab Emirates president. When he was child, Shakh Zayed studied the holy Koran, portray, some basic Arabic language and Islam roles because that time only this kind of education was available. Shakh Zayed had marry 8 wifes during his life (according to Islam rules a man allow to marry 4 wife only but in this case because of some of them where died) he left In addition to his wifes 19 boys when he pass away In 2004. Why Shakh Zayed not other? Im concern in reading history, sharply history of Gulf country; during my reading a good example of leader take my attention Shakh Zayed who was the greatest ruler of United Arab Emirates in the Arab history. Shakh Said had made UAE a stronger, wealthier and grater state, he had given his country a new poison in international relation and final achievement which make hem the grater leader during Arab history. He had successfully combined seven Emirates in one country named United Arab Emirates. The age of Shakh Zayed the grandson of the one of creator of the AL Nhayan family in the Emirates, is considered one of the most successful eras that UAE saw in the 20th century, if not the most successful ever, even with the many difficulties he faced while building the Emirate of Abu Dhabi and the UAE as well over years of ruling. Historians considered that the personality of Shakh Said was definitely one of the main personalities of the AL Nahyan family, who played a crucial role in the Emi rates history and the Gulf. During Arab history Shakh Zayed can be considered as one of the most important number in modern and contemporary for the following reasons: He is successfully combined 7 emirates in on country named United Arab Emirates. The respect that he commanded from rulers of Europe, Asia, Africa, and the USA. He apply diplomacy rather than military force within a very delicate balance to achieve his goals to maintain the independence of UAE Island (Abu Musa and Greater and Lesser Tunbs) when Iran occupied it. His policy was based on sensible diplomatic skill that made UAE one of the important Arab countries ever during his rule. His ancestry where unlimited. He donated to many countries in Asia and Africa like ( Palestine, Lebanon, Kosovo and may others ) He changes UAE from place of desert to green paradise. His confidence in protection of the environment due nothing to modern fashions. Analyzing the leadership of Shakh Zayed Leaders are group of people with extraordinary features they are able to shape events and change the circumstances. According to these words our leader has an inherited leadership. Huczynski Buchanan (2007) has stated that there are number of leadership theories such as trait theory: Trait theory: believe on a leader is born not made (Huczynski Buchanan, 2007). Our leader has ascribed to his grandfather Shakh Zayed Bin Halifax who was one of who state of AL Nahyan family who had rolled Emirate of Abu Dhabi from 1855 to 1909, (Macmillan, 1997) and from his father Shakh Sultan Bin Zayed how also ruled Abu Dhabi from 1918 to 1926 (Macamillan, 1997). Consequently, to gain experience Shakh Zayed appointed in 1946 as a ruler of AL Ain Town (Tamam, 1971). The traits theory focused on initiative, intelligence, good health, confidence, control, ect. However the theory shape that people having these traits do not necessarily doing good leadership. (Huczynski Buchanan, 2007). Doing an assessment to the life story of any the Leader we should refer to the time he was living and situation of his beginning. When Shakh Zayed father pass away he was at the a go of ten years and it was difficult to ruled but later he was un happy with the ruling way of his brother Shakhbut, how ruled Abu Dhabi from 1928 to 1966, and didnt made any changed to his peoples, (poor and hunger remained same). Where he can be a slayer but he preferred to maintain life and authority. He understood that leadership skills can be erudite developed and enhanced; this man can develop into a leader in the group by reaching his goals. Posts linked with the select of target and find ways to reach the objective. In 1966 and according to Mitera (2007) the time of grandson of the ruling AL Nahyan was starting in Abu Dhabi to bring the brighter time that Abu Dhabi expected during the 20th century. According to the historian Shakh Zayed was one of the most famous facts in his family that ruled, he played major role in Abu Dhabi, UAE, Gulf, Arab and the word. Has an active ruling not nominal, Shakh Zayed discovered that his predecessors had on Abu Dhabi, kind of sovereignty ambiguous, his prescience was able him to make real sovereignty by combining those struggle emirates in one joined and powerful county that Arab saw. Traits theory according to Huczynaki Buschanan (2007) has number of personal traits such as confidence, intelligence and control. Shakh Zayed success combines a leader as this theory, on this aspect the successful leader is able to combine conventional characters and skills gained in the leadership and inborn from his father and grandfather as well. Also he verifies that as a leader, he is able to expand the feature and add experience. Mitera (2007) has describe Shakh Zayed as modest leader because of his attractive personality which attracted hem and raise respect, loyalty and bring citizens satisfaction. When he passes away President George W. Bush describe him He was a great leader, a statesman (Gulf News). According to Stewart Crawford British Resident, Bahrain from (1968 1968), Shakh Zayed was handsome man, moderate, strength, love portray and hunting, has good character, debonair and of abroad vision. (Mitera, 2007). Shakh Zayed has combing character and minimalist mixed in his actions as the situation, compassion, tolerance, an acumen, cruelly, firmness, violence and revenge. This characterized make him loved and frightens at the same time, many and varied aspect of his personality. His effected behaviors during his Golding period which more than 85 years moved into his property in Emirates made him believed that the leader can be affect by a group of his subordinates and he focuses on it. In the last days of his rule he preferred justice as much as possible in Emirates so that can oversee his country very well, this also delivered his relationship with the Emirates tribes leaders and kings of others countries. This can be finding it clear in when he sign board agreement with his neighbors. Shakh Zayed has create comfort for this followers in working environment, he was interesting on satisfying their need by giving them opportunity to participate and indecision making also he provides him with procedures and clear expectation. In the other hand he set to satisfy their subordinates goals, helping them to develop their confidence and reassure them their leader. Historian like Mitera (2007) has described Shakh Zayed simplicity by a person how wearing simple cloths, sit-down with his people hearing them, dance with them which it was difficult to distinguish between him and any other citizen. According to Arthir Lamb, British Residency who had the opportunity to meet Shakh Sayed Said, the good example of reverence and pity, simple and modest and he was far from the dominance, egotism and estrangement. Walfar Tesgar or as they called him in Arabic Mubarak Bin London has described hem in his book Sand in Arabian Island Zayed a strong man in his thirtieth of age, clever, simple and quiet (Tamam,1981). He went by himself to congratulate his people in marriage parties and gives consolation on death. To maintain his Emirates, Shakh Zayed had been able to enhance his internal relationship as will to manage his international relationship with some Arabian and European countries likes Brittan, KSA and Oman. In 1971 according to (Gulf News) when Britain left the gulf he sign friendship agreement with them representing his country and Sir Geoffry Arthur represent Britain. He was completed by circumstances to reach to sign border agreement with Oman, (Asharq Alawasat News Paper, 2002), to developed friendly relationship with neighbor. In addition to that his extensive agreement exchange with KSA. By achieving this goal, Shakh Zayed has distanced his country from connecting in such international problems. Shakh Zayed had expanded this country economy to step where UAE was getting many of its impotents from word economy. This policy was based on his realistic diplomatic skill that made UAE one of the most important country and this can be find it clear from what Japanese Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi said the late president succeeded with outstanding leadership in the social and economic development of the country. (Gulf News). A leader find a way to change, Shakh Zayed eventually change his country from desert without any kind of life to green oasis surrounded the threes and water from everywhere he said a drop of water in the desert equals a beating pulse.(Gulf News). After the successful transition from unknown country to a source of political, social, economical in Arab word. As leader to his follower he has well-known the desert very well, this makes him will Known as Shakh of Desert(Miatra, 2004). He said I believe one who does not know his past will not understand the present, nor will he be able to prepare the future.(gulf News). To build up his relationships with some influential country like Britain and France he attends international conference about offshore oil. Most historians have praised the wise leadership in the leadership of his country. A leader how concern about his citizens and after that journey he remember later how impressed he had been by the level of education and medicals that these country retch, becoming strong-minded that his citizens should have the same benefit from that facilities he said the asset of any advanced nation is its people, especially the educated ones, and the prosperity and success of the people are measured by the standard of their education.(Gulf News). benefiting from hate of conspiracies, Shakh Zayed steady his cabinet of UAE to make him able to maintain the independence of his country balance of using diplomacy over military force in order to reach its objectives. Effectively he coordinates between the parties in his country to guide their work to wand to achieve the goals and promote the highest level of performance effectiveness. According to Mitera (2007) Zayed has overcome the obstacles and personal conflicts between the royals of Emirates which required from him permanent contact with the constantly reminded the motivation for cooperation which create a team spirit integrated united goals and aspirations. Shakh Zayed was a dealer who has not have that large of military force, only his survival in power was to receive the consent of people and leader. He has taken a new approach in giving the mandate more power of authorities from occupied force. As prince rather than money collector he tried to improved his citizens income and this can be find it clear from what he said the money has no valve if not used to serve the citizen (Mitira, 2007) so he involve in distribute some of country income to his populations like Marry Fund aimed to help youth to reduce marry expenses. A man who harmonized with nature. This achieves him to focus on conservation of nature and environment which become one of key elements of government policy. This has approved by the massive programme of planting 150 million trees. Shakh Zayed Leadership Style Huczynski Buchunan (2007) has divided the leadership style into three types: Autocratic style, (where a leader compact the authority), Democratic style, (a leader in valves followers in decision making, encourage participation in deciding work methods and goals, given a authority and take feed back to control followers), Fair style, (giving follower kind of freedom to make decision and to decide on their work). As required by the state and politics that time, Shakh Zayed might be collecting Democratic style, because he inclined more approach democracy in the meeting with seven emirates rulers and advisers, he also open this door to see the public. He didnt decline any citizens want to meet him individually. The citizens consider him as a father rather than a ruler. He used to received people by kindness and listen to their complaints (www.uae.org.br/_PDF/zayed.pdf), he was effective solving-problems and effectively decision making spicily when crises acquired in the country, he was not hesitate to move quickly to solve any problem happen. According to Tamam (1981) Shakh Zayed was smiley leader he uses to receive his people in smiley face, on other hand he was astringent in dealing with things that effect equity which makes his family and followers afraid from hem. As far as we knew that UAE become wider this expands need responsibility and control. Aiming that Shakh Zayed has utilized his subordinates to achieve his style, so he authorized governors appointed by administration areas. When he left the country for some circumstances and as sort of encouragement to his pray minister he delegate hem to administrate the government of UAE and his brother Halifax to responsible Abu Dhabi. The charismatic Of Shakh Zayed The power settled to the leaders and varies in contact and reach spread sources of leadership. Leader need to have skills based on his behavior and characters. Successful leader need to have some skills to insure the success of its function. Leader likes working: A man in nature is lazy, but this not in shape our leader how was starting his day early morning driving his car by himself avoiding any corteges to see a project her and there, in many times when he return back home he stopped to lesion his peoples problems this was to gave his follower a good example of loving work to achieve their responsibilities. Dominated by followers who are wishing to work, he retained the eminent personalities to choose advisers and ministers who assist referees in the carry out of the country (Tamam, 1981). A leader who discover and train leaders: as a trainer, supervised by hem he trained the possible of each subordinates member this find interest and self-belief use to help him to carry out his duties. According to Tamam (1981) Shakh Zayed preferred choosing a powerful and strong leader to manage the please after that he gives them enough authorities and opportunities to build up themselves using their experiences and learn from their mistakes. Organizing responsibilities: Shakh Zayed distribute the responsibilities between his subordinates as aspiration, competencies, capabilities and expertise to be able to rule his country Tamam (1981) and leader suspended direct efforts to reach the goals. Dealing with problems: maybe some negative problems that might happen in the country but he has his own ethics to quell the problems, he expects the troubles before it occurred so he do not have to put down after it rise. Observation: Shakh Zayed beloved that one of the most important leader duty to observe his followers. This makes his duty easy for giving orders to supervise the implementation. Cooperation with other leaders: Shakh Zayed ties with GCC Leaders who was marked by reserved mutual respect and because of this respect he was successful lead the first meeting of GCC Conceal in Abu Dhabi. All leaders were in confrontation with who to develop their countries. His Weaknesses: So far and as a leader who has that grate of loved by this citizen and respect from word leaders I cant find any weaknesses but if we considered that number of boys that he left it might they fight for power. Conclusion It is helpful to end this report by saying that, Shakh Zayed was great, smart and successful leader has high ethics, sample and loved by his people. During his ruling period, Abu Dhabi and United Arab Emirates combined, grown and developed. Guided by the wisdom foresight of its president. The result has been the creation of modern state with high infrastructure as well as heath an education. References Asharq Alawasat News Paper, 23 June 2002 issue No.8608 Burke, W., Litwin, G. (1992). A causal model of organizational performance and change. Journal of Management, 18(3), 523-545. Goleman, d. and Boyatzis, R. (Sep. 2008) Intelligence and Biology of Leadership, Harvard Business Review, 74 78. Grint, K. (April 2008). Leadership, task and relationship. Human Resource Management Journal, 18, 188 195 Gulf News, Wednesday, November 3, 2004. Sheikh Zayed Passes away House, R. J., Aditya, R. N. (1997). The social scientific study of leadership. Quo vadis? Journal of Management, 23, 409-473. http:// www.uae.org.br/_PDF/zayed.pdf date of access 24/02/2010 Huczynski, A. and Buchanan, D. (2007). Organizational Behavior. 6th edition. London: Prentice Hall Kotter, J. P. (1990). A forceful change: How leadership differs from Management. New York: Free Press. Macmillan.J, (1997).United Arab Emirates Year Book 1997. London: Trident Press Ltd. Mitera. J (2007). Zayed From Challenge To Union (Arabic Copy), Center for Documentation Research Abu Dhabi, UAE Posner, Kouzes, (2003). The Leadership challenge. Third edition Tamam. H (1981). Zayed Bin Sultan Leader and Demonstration (Arabic Copy).2nd edition. Tokyo. Die Neebon Press Ltd.

Oedipus Rex †a Christ Figure Essay -- Oedipus the King Oedipus Rex

Oedipus Rex – a Christ Figure  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚        Ã‚   Sophocles’ famous tragedy, Oedipus Rex, perhaps â€Å"the most important and influential drama ever written† (â€Å"Sophocles† 717), presents in the person of   Oedipus the model of a good ruler, a humanely intelligent and vigorously active leader, a man who earlier saved his adopted city Thebes from disaster. Is Oedipus an alter Christus besides?    The numerous parallels between the figure of the king Oedipus and the figure of Christ in the Scriptures prompts the reader to ask the above question.    For example, in the opening lines of the drama, Oedipus greets the crowd of suppliants (including old men, boys and children) waiting at his palace doors with the words: â€Å"My children, latest born to Cadmus old, /Why sit ye here as suppliants, in your hands /Branches of olive filleted with wool†? Later, the king’s second address to the crowd begins: â€Å"Ah! my poor children, known, ah, known too well,/The quest that brings you hither and your need.† Other addresses to the people on the part of the king refer to them as â€Å"children.† There are many parallels to this in the Bible when Jesus addressed the people. In the gospel of Matthew alone, the word children is used 20 times, for example 3:9: â€Å". . .and do not presume to say to yourselves, `We have Abraham as our father'; for I tell you, God is able from these stones to raise up children to Abraham.† Jesus also said in Matthew 18:3: "Truly, I say to you, unless you turn and become like children, you will never enter the kingdom of heaven.† In the same book (23:37) Jesus said, "O Jerusalem, Jerusalem, killing the prophets and stoning those who are sent to you! How often would I have gathered your children together as a hen gathers her b... ...says â€Å"I thank my God through Jesus Christ,† thus associating the two very closely.    Thus it is seen that there are many parallels between Sophocles’ drama, Oedipus Rex, in its treatment of the king, and the Bible with its treatment of Jesus, even though the latter was written some 400 years later than the former.    WORKS CITED       Oedipus the King. Tranlsted by Stephen Berg and Diskin Clay. In Literature of the Western World, edited by Brian Wilkie and James Hurt. NewYork: Macmillan Publishing Co., 1984.    â€Å"Sophocles† In Literature of the Western World, edited by Brian Wilkie and James Hurt. NewYork: Macmillan Publishing Co., 1984.    Sophocles. Oedipus Rex. Transl. by F. Storr. http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/etcbin/browse-mixed new?tag=public&images=images/modeng&data=/texts/english/modeng/parsed&part=0&id=SopOedi   

How the earth was made Essay

1. According to the church, the age of the earth was 6,000 years old. 2. James Hutton discovered that the earth was much older from the tilted rocks because he knew these rocks was once laid down horizontally on the sea floor and were buried under great depth to be crystalized. Then they were tilted on end by great earth forces and then eroded away. The rocks were then deposited on top. He understood it had to take millions of years for this process to happen. 3. Lord Kelvin calculated the earth to be around 20 million years old from the law of thermodynamics. 4. Arthur Holmes used radioactive particles of uranium in the attempt to accurate date the planet. He used radiometric dating which changed the concept of how old the earth is. 5. The accepted age is the Earth is 4.5 billion years. 6. The source of most water on the Earth was extraterrestrial. It was asteroids that were filled with water that crashed on the Earth that we get our water from. 7. Granite rocks started to form the continents 3.4 billion years ago 8. Granite rocks have a much lower density than basalt. 9. The stromatolites is a single cell organism that lives off sunlight and it would fill the air with oxygen making life on earth possible. 10. Alfred Weneger was a German weather scientist and proposed that the continents had been joined together. 11. It made an extrapolation of the rocks. I was hard to believe to have a larger continent be pushed through the ocean floor and his theory was considered wrong. 12. On either side of the plates in Iceland in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean, it is expanding the size of the Atlantic Ocean. Also the Fisher Eruptions in Iceland mark the path of the deep plate boundary all around the island. It is also pushing America and Europe a part. 13. The rate of continental drift is 2.5cm per year. 14. The name of the first super continent formed 1 billion years ago is Rodina 15. 700 million years ago, Rodina position was blocking the currents  that brought warm water from the equator to the poles. Without this heat, the polar region froze. The ice reflect the sun’s ray from the earth and the snowball effect occurred. 16. Beneath the ice the future continent was in turmoil. Vast volcanic eruptions split Rodina a part. 17. The fossils in the Burgess Shale indicate that 500 million years ago life exploded with staggering diversity and complexity. 18. The formation of the ozone layer lead to life because it freed life forms from the oceans. The ozone layer was a UV shield for these life forms. 19. 300 million years ago in the carboniferous period, the earth was covered with wetlands. Freshwater swamps are said to cover the earth during this time. 20. Coal came from millions of years of accumulated plant matter. It came from the way wet water lands decompose. Oil and gas came from the remains of dead microorganisms. 21. The Permian Extinction 250 million years ago that 95% of species perished was caused by mass volcanic eruptions all over the Earth. 22. The new super continent that formed after mass volcanic eruptions was called Pangea. It existed 240 million years ago. 23. A new upsurge in volcanic activity spilt a part the great super continent Pangea. 24. Diamonds are the high pressure form of carbon. They are found in the mouths of ancient volcanoes. 25. 65 million years ago, the dinosaurs vanished. 26. The finding of iridium indicates that dinosaurs became extinct from a tremendous hit from a meteor on Earth. 27. The asteroid that hit the planet and caused the mass extinction of the dinosaurs was 100 miles across. 28. Evidence the gives validity to plate tectonics found in the Alps is the Matterhorn which is made up of two continents. 29. Plates tectonics and erosion contribute the a mountain height 30. The two opposing forces that contribute to the formation of the Grand Canyon is the Colorado River and the uprising plateau. 31. The grand freezing was triggered when the overflowing volcanoes in Panama created the land bridge joined the North to South America. This altered global coastal currents. 32. Two pieces of evidence that glaciers covered the earth are: the scores of tiny parallel lines marked in bedrock and the way rocks were position in the New York area. 33. 200 million years from now, a new super continent will be formed. 34. 2 billion years from now, the atmosphere and oceans will be stripped away. Leaving earth as a bone dry barren dessert.

Personal and Professional Challenges Matrix Worksheet Essay

Use the following matrix to describe three personal and three professional challenges. For each challenge, describe time and stress management techniques along with personal development resources that may help a nurse overcome these challenges. Personal Challenge Time Management Technique Stress Management Technique Personal Development Resources Example: Balancing work and family responsibilities Use a calendar or organizer to plan my schedule. Take regular family vacations. Family counseling and self-help books New development with technology is a bit harder for me to grasp. Write notes to stick on refrigerator, use daily calendars, and books. Post reminder notes on my bathroom wall. Take walks in the park two times per week. Talk to family out of the country once per week. Perform Yoga exercises twice per week, 30 minutes each time. Read more positive books, listen to professionals speakers, read nursing journals. Will join the ANA group and some different organizations after I acquired my BSN next year. Due to school schedules and personal obligations, I am not able to take my regular vacations like I used to. Complete tasks in advance Study at least three hours per day. Will try to take at least two short vacations three days per month. Spa treatments once per month. Attend workshops at the University of Phoenix. Read more materials in order to improve my grammar skills. Overload of work and school prevents me from getting the proper amount of sleep. Complete small portions of assignments each day. Request educational leave in advance when a large assignment is due. Reward myself when I receive a good grade on an assignment by spending time at the movies with my three year old grandson. Find ways to become a better speaker. Communicate more with instructors and classmates. Professional Challenge Time Management Technique Stress Management Technique Professional Development Resources Example: Keeping up-to-date with changing standards Plan time to review professional journals. Join a professional organization. Professional organization and professional journals – Identify the specific organization and list the website. Speeches and presentations Listen to and learn from professional speakers. Take baby steps to improve. Practice once or twice per week. Do deep breathing techniques before giving a speech. Eat balanced meals, no caffeine. Attend lectures on how to give a good speech and stay focused. Time and money for continuing education. Work extra shifts when school is closed on holidays to pay for classes. Don’t procrastinate, meet with study groups as scheduled. Continue to focus on the things that makes me happy. Attend social events. Stay away from negative people. Find resources to help with finances such as: Scholarships, Grants, and Financial Aids. Obtain Bachelor’s degree Set aside time to study, schedule monthly goals. Help to build on each other’s strengths and learn from each other’s experiences within the team. Set up work out exercise regimen, eat well and get enough rest as possible. Attend family outings/gatherings. Think positive at all times that I can achieve my BSN degree. Meet with advisors and professors in order to stay on track with grades. Use webinars to research on various topics. Read motivational books.